NATURAL DISASTERS AND ANTICIPATIONS

A. Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are disasters caused by natural phenomena. Natural phenomenon is actually a very natural phenomenon and usually occurs in the earth. However, only when the natural phenomenon hit man (soul) and all aquaculture products (property, possessions and objects), we can only call it a disaster.
Classification based on the causes of natural disasters is divided into three types, namely:
1. Geological natural disasters
These natural disasters caused by forces originating from within the earth (endogenous force). Included in geological disasters are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.
2. Natural disaster climatological
Climatological natural disasters are natural disasters caused by wind and rain factors. Examples of climatological disasters are flooding, storm, flood, tornado, drought, and natural forest fires (not by man).
Ground movement (landslides) as well as natural disasters, although the main trigger of climatological factors (rain), but the symptoms initially started from the geological conditions (type and characteristics of soil and rocks and so forth).
3. Extra-terrestrial natural disasters
Extra-Terrestrial Natural disasters are natural disasters that occur in space, eg blow / meteor impact. When hit from the heavenly bodies about the earth's surface will cause tremendous natural disasters for the inhabitants of the earth.
Natural phenomenon that can lead to natural disasters basically have common characteristics, namely the early symptoms, the main symptom, and the symptoms end. Thus, if we can determine accurately the first signs of a natural disaster, most likely we can reduce the effect caused.
B. Anticipation of Natural Disasters
1. Volcanic eruptions
Volcanic eruption occurs because the symptoms of volcanism. ie events associated with rising magma from deep within the earth.
Before the volcano erupted, usually there are signs as follows:
Rising temperatures around the crater •
• many water sources dry up
• often feel the earthquakes (volcanic)
• animals that exist on the mountain are many who move down the slope because it was hot
• often heard a roar from the gunun
•
If there are signs of a volcano will erupt, there is some anticipation (effort) to reduce the danger of the disaster, among others:
• make the water tunnels at crater (crater) that berdanau. For example: tunnels at Mount Kelud.
• disseminate information and provide early warning of the monitoring results of the observation posts of the volcano.
• evacuate residents who live on the slopes of the volcano would erupt.
2. Earthquake
An earthquake is a release of energy in the form of a wave of symptoms that spread to the surface of the earth's crust caused by disturbances in the earth, (broken, collapsed, or destroyed).
Earthquakes are natural disasters that often hit parts of Indonesia, about 400 times a year. This happens because Indonesia is passed by two plates (belt) earthquake, namely the Mediterranean plate (Alps-Himalayas) and the Pacific Plate.
Until now, humans have not been able to predict when an earthquake will occur. The size of the catastrophe that occurs is dependent on the strength (magnitude) earthquake itself and the condition of areas affected by the quake. Earthquakes measuring device called a seismograph, which is expressed in the Richter scale.
Anticipation that must be done to society is what and how to deal with earthquakes, during and after the earthquake struck. Some advice in dealing with earthquake event are as follows:
Before an earthquake
• Knowing accurately the streets in and out in an emergency wherever we are. Remember the earthquake can happen at any time.
• Put heavy items in place a stable and independent.
• Turn off the lights soon, stove oil or gas and electricity in order to avoid a fire hazard.
When an earthquake occurred
• If you were in the room: be quiet for a moment, do not panic and flee out of the building. Immediately seek shelter under a desk or near the door. Stay away from places that may cause injuries such as glass, gas pipes or hanging objects that may fall upon.
• If you are outside the house: stay or look for a site free from buildings, trees or walls. Do not enter the building despite the tremor has stopped because it is not impossible that the building collapse can still occur.
• If you are in a crowd: do not participate jostling to find a way out, even though the people who panic have the same desire. Find a place that will not fall collapse.
• If you are in high-rise buildings: quickly seek shelter under tables and stay away from windows or exterior walls of buildings. Stay on the floor where you are when the earthquake happened, and do not use existing elevators or lifts.
• If you are driving: Stop your vehicle and stay in the car and your car pinggirkanlah. Do not stop on the bridge, or under the overpass. If the earthquake has stopped, do not fly directly across the road or bridge that stretches, before certain conditions are safe.
After the disastrous earthquake
• Equipment used footwear to avoid broken glass or material damage to the feet.
• Check if you have wounds that need immediate treatment.
• Check flow / gas pipeline that is whether there is leakage. If the smell of gas immediately try to close the source and do not ever light a fire and smoke.
• Inspect the damage that might occur in your building.
• Listen to information through television, radio, telephone which is usually broadcast by the government, if this is possible.
• Prepare to face the possibility of aftershocks. And pray in order to avoid a more serious disaster.
3. Tsunamis
Tsunamis are large waves that occur after the earthquake, sea earthquake, volcanic eruption, or meteor blows in the sea.
The tsunami can be predicted by various institutions in various parts of the world's seismology and tsunami processes can be monitored via satellite. With the implementation of early warning systems (early warning system), is expected to be able to evacuate people quickly if the disaster of the tsunami.
Some steps in anticipation of the tsunami disaster:
a. If you are on the edge of the sea or near rivers, immediately ran for dear life to a higher place. If possible, ran towards a nearby hill.
b. If the situation allows, go to the evacuation site that has been determined.
c. If the situation does not allow for action No.2, seek-rise buildings of reinforced steel (ferroconcrete building), use the emergency stairs to get to the uppermost floor (at least up to the third floor).
d. If the situation allows, disposable rain jacket and make sure your hands free and not carrying anything.
4. Storm
The storm is a disturbance on a planet's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface and show the bad weather. Storms can be characterized by a strong wind (wind storm), thunder and lightning (thunder storms), torrential outpouring eg ice (ice storm) or the wind that brings a substance through the atmosphere (such as sand storms, blizzards, etc.).
Storms can cause the collapse of buildings, sinking boats and toppled trees, electricity poles, towers and so forth.
Some kind of storm you need to know, including:
a. Tornado
Tornado is a very strong storm with wind speed of 300-500 km / h so that it can destroy objects in its path, both on land and at sea. Tornado characterized as a dark funnel cloud forming a spiral movement, depending on cumulonimbus clouds.

b. Tropical storms (tropical cyclone)
Tropical cyclones are storms that cause the circular winds could damage the area around 250 miles from its center. Tropical cyclones cause damage primarily by strong winds, storm surge and heavy rains. Storm surge is the rising sea levels along the coast as fast as the wind moved it to the beach.
The term tropical cyclone depends on the location of the incident. In the Atlantic and Pacific hurricane called, in the Western Pacific called the typhoon, in Australia called Willy. Every year appeared 80-100 tropical cyclones, tropical cyclone names commonly use the names of the girls, such as: Anna, Carol, Debbie, Inez, Fiona, Wenda and so forth.
c. Thunderstorm (thunder storm)
Thunderstorm is a thunderstorm accompanied by lightning and thunder. This is a typical occurrence in the tropical transition on the season, especially during the dry season transition entering the rainy season.
Thunderstorm (thunder storm) is an atmospheric physical phenomena that often occur in Indonesia. This phenomenon can cause loss of life due to electric shock at the time of the lightning. Symptoms of thundersorm are strong winds accompanied the heavy rain is sometimes accompanied by hail, lightning and thunder.
Natural disasters can be studied and observed storm so that if the initial symptoms can be observed with both the main symptoms can be anticipated with such questions when, where, how much and how long it can be answered. It is capable of reducing the number of victims of the disaster.
5. Flood
Heavy rains that occurred continuously resulted in the river can no longer accommodate large quantities of water. The river water would then overflow and form a puddle of water called the flood.
Because the river water can overflow into water catchment areas has been reduced. Overflow of river water can occur due to blockage in river flow.
River flow blockage caused by human actions. Disposal of garbage into the river will cause the river does not flow smoothly. Number of materials in river sediments can also inhibit the flow of rivers.
The floods caused by poor system of weather. The main meteorological factors that cause flooding is heavy rainfall, rainfall distribution and duration of rain. Another important factor is the physical properties of the soil surface. Tropical cyclones can affect weather systems in Indonesia, particularly increasing the number of clouds, rainfall, wind and ocean waves.
Causes of floods that occurred due to human activities is deforestation. Causing the barren forest land can not absorb and hold water in case of continuous rain, resulting in eroded soil flowing water that could cause landslides.
Many areas of Indonesia, the soil has poor water absorption capacity, or amount of rainfall exceeds the ability of soil to absorb water. When rain falls, which sometimes happens is a sudden flood of so-called flash floods.
To anticipate flood a lot of things to do, such as:
a. clean lines of the waste water that can clog the water flow causing flooding.
b. dredge the rivers from the sediments to increase water capacity.
c. build an alternative drainage routes (new river canals, pipe systems) so that it can prevent an excessive burden on the rivers.
d. not construct buildings on the territory (area), which became the region where water absorption.
e. not cutting trees in the forest, because the barren forest would be difficult to absorb water, so if there is continuous heavy rain water can not be absorbed directly by the soil will even grind the soil, this can also cause landslides.
f. make the retaining walls and embankments along the river, sea walls along the beaches to maintain water level so as not to get into the mainland.
6. Drought
Necessary to distinguish between the drought (drought) and dry conditions (aridity). Drought is a gap between the available water with the water needed, while ariditas (dry conditions) be interpreted as a state amount of rainfall less.
Drought (drought) may arise because of natural phenomena that occur on earth. Drought occurs due to climatic changes. Substitution of the season was the impact of climate. Change of seasons are distinguished by the amount of rainfall. Useful knowledge about the season for the farmers to determine the time of planting and harvesting of agricultural produce.
In the dry season, the river will experience drought. At the time of drought, rivers and reservoirs can not function properly. As a result the rice fields that use of rainwater irrigation systems are also experiencing drought. Dry fields can not produce crops. In addition, clean water supply is also reduced. Water needed daily to be rare in a region keberadaannya.Kekeringan is a condition that generally upsets the balance of living things.
Drought conditions can be evaluated from various aspects, including:
a. Meteorological drought (Meteorological drought)
b. Agricultural drought (agricultural drought)
c. Hydrological droughts (hydrological drought)
d. Drought socio - economic (socio - economic drought)
Some ways to anticipate the drought, including:
a. made reservoirs (dams) that serves as water supply in the dry season. In addition reservoir can prevent the occurrence of floods during the rainy season,
b. create artificial rain to areas very dry,
c. reforestation or revegetation areas already deforested land in order to more easily absorb water in the rainy season and as a backup storage of water in the dry season,
to diversify in farming for the farmers, for example, replacing rice with crops during the dry season arrives because the crops can be harvested quickly and does not need much water for growth.( Suhendra ; yudipurnawan.wordpress.com )